How Well Do Us High School Students Score on Reading Comprehension

Reading Scores on National Exam Pass up in Half the States

The results of the test, which assesses a sample of 4th- and 8th-course students, volition inevitably prompt demands for policy change.

Credit... Gabriella Demczuk for The New York Times

Published October. xxx, 2019 Updated Dec. 5, 2019

WASHINGTON — America'due south 4th and eighth graders are losing basis in their ability to read literature and academic texts, co-ordinate to a rigorous national cess released Wednesday that is likely to fuel concerns over student achievement after decades of tumult on the educational mural.

Ii out of three children did not meet the standards for reading proficiency set up by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a exam administered by the National Center for Education Statistics, the research arm of the Education Department.

The dismal results reflected the performance of about 600,000 students in reading and math, whose scores made up what is called the "nation'southward report carte du jour." The average eighth-grade reading score declined in more than half of the states compared with 2017, the concluding time the test was given. The average score in fourth-form reading declined in 17 states. Math scores remained relatively flat in most states.

Simply 35 percent of fourth graders were proficient in reading in 2019, downwardly from 37 percentage in 2017; 34 percentage of eighth graders were proficient in reading, downwardly from 36 percent. Overall student progress in reading has stalled in the last decade, with the highest performers stagnating and the everyman-achieving students falling farther behind.

Didactics Secretary Betsy DeVos on Wednesday called information technology a "student achievement crisis."

"Think nearly the mom or dad who cannot read, and so does not read to their own children at bedtime," Ms. DeVos said as she released the scores. "Recollect about what that portends for their lifelong learning."

Ms. DeVos dismissed calls — including those from Democratic presidential candidates — to increase schoolhouse funding to amend the worst-performing schools. She has championed programs that let tax dollars to follow children to the schools of their pick, including private schools, religious schools and lease schools, and has rejected the view that more money would lift struggling schools.

Representative Rosa DeLauro, Democrat of Connecticut and chairwoman of the Business firm subcommittee that oversees the Instruction Department'south budget, sharply disagreed.

Heed to 'The Daily': America's Didactics Trouble

How have decades of attempted reform, and billions of dollars, failed to improve students' performance across the country?

transcript

transcript

Mind to 'The Daily': America'due south Education Problem

Hosted by Michael Barbaro; produced by Adizah Eghan and Austin Mitchell; with help from Kelly Prime; and edited by Lisa Chow and Lisa Tobin

How accept decades of attempted reform, and billions of dollars, failed to ameliorate students' performance beyond the state?

michael barbaro

From The New York Times, I'k Michael Barbaro. This is "The Daily."

Today: For decades, the U.S. has spent billions of dollars trying to close its instruction gap with the rest of the earth. New data shows that all that money made no difference. Dana Goldstein on how that could exist.

Information technology'due south Thursday, Dec v.

Dana, when did the United States start to feel a sense of anxiety around the teaching levels of our children in relation to the balance of the world?

dana goldstein

Well, I retrieve back to 1957.

archived recording

But the biggest news to come out of Russia was the story of the yr, perhaps of our generation.

dana goldstein

And that was the year that the Russians beat united states of america to infinite —

archived recording

That radio beep signaling not merely a red scientific triumph but the launching of flesh into a new era, the dawn of the historic period of infinite. Sputnik and Muttnik, they were chosen.

dana goldstein

— with their Sputnik satellite. And this triggered a sort of national conversation and anxiety in the United states amongst our political leaders and the public. We were the state that beat back tyranny and saved the globe in World War I and World State of war Ii. What did it mean that this other nation could outperform the states in this new frontier of space? And that was the start of a conversation about our schools, and if they were preparing kids to compete on the global stage. This continues in the 1980s with the rising of Nippon and the ascent of Prc and with the reduction of these skilful manufactory jobs that used to ensure Americans a middle-class life. Then by the 1990s, in that location's a consensus among education reformers and politicians who care about this that perhaps information technology would be helpful to accept Washington play a role and the federal regime got involved. And a few governors, whose names we've all heard of, similar Bill Clinton and George West. Bush, are those that agree.

archived recording (george w. bush-league)

Now, frequently, we talk about our children having self-esteem. You tin can't teach self-esteem. But when nosotros teach our children to read, write, add and subtract, they learn self-esteem. They earn information technology. And that'due south the whole vision for America, is that every kid gets educated.

dana goldstein

When George W. Bush-league was running for president, this was the chat that he was immersed in, and, in fact, he makes pedagogy reform and the idea of a bigger role for Washington office of his pitch every bit a dissimilar kind of, quote, "compassionate conservative." That's how he defines himself. He says he really does intendance almost those that are getting left behind in this new globalized economy. And he says he really does care virtually helping low-income students and students of color do better academically so they tin can compete.

archived recording (george w. bush)

Good to meet you all. Thanks. What class are we in?

archived recording (students)

6th.

archived recording (george w. bush)

Cool, let me ask you a question.

archived recording

Get in math.

archived recording (george due west. bush)

How many of yous are going to become to college?

archived recording (students)

Me!

archived recording (george w. bush-league)

Skilful. How many of you read more than yous watch TV?

archived recording (students)

Me!

archived recording (george w. bush)

Tell the truth.

archived recording (student)

Honestly.

archived recording (george w. bush)

O.Yard., practiced. [LAUGHTER] How many of you practice math more than you lot watch Telly? [LAUGHTER]

michael barbaro

And at this moment, what is the relationship between the federal government in Washington and states when it comes to education?

dana goldstein

And so information technology's pretty hands-off. They transport coin, especially money for schools that serve a lot of low-income children, simply they don't take a lot of requirements attached to that money. They also oversee civil rights in schools, so they're on the sentinel to run across if there'south racial discrimination, gender discrimination. But they don't tell states how they should oversee schools. And all this starts to modify when George Due west. Bush is elected president, and he represents this grouping of people who call up this approach has been also hands-off. And we're not going to actually be able to compete with the rest of the earth where education systems are very centralized and much more top-down than our American system if nosotros don't take some leadership from Washington. And that'southward why he proposes and signs into police the No Child Left Behind Deed.

michael barbaro

And what is No Child Left Behind?

dana goldstein

No Child Left Behind is basically a testing law. It asks states to examination students in 3rd through eighth grade every year in math and reading and once in loftier school, and this is totally new.

michael barbaro

Hmm.

dana goldstein

The federal government has never before asked states to test students. And it's interesting because I am 35, and my whole education preceded this constabulary. And I have simply a few memories in uncomplicated school of taking standardized tests, and they weren't really something people talked almost a lot. It's completely different now. And I call up for a lot of adults who didn't get through this organization, they may non realize how dissimilar it really is.

michael barbaro

And what was the thinking behind all of a sudden requiring standardized testing in No Child Left Behind?

dana goldstein

I mean, the thinking was pretty simple. If you don't collect this data, yous just can't know how students are doing. And if you don't know how students are doing, you tin can't assist them improve. So with these test scores, yous tin can finally say, how are low-income students doing? How are African-American students doing? How are immigrant students doing? If yous don't collect this data nationally, yous don't know.

michael barbaro

Hmm.

dana goldstein

And so while the data is very helpful to didactics researchers, the No Kid Left Behind Human activity is widely seen every bit a failure.

michael barbaro

Why?

dana goldstein

I call back two big reasons. The offset is that all 50 states had full freedom to define for themselves what was going to be on all these tests.

michael barbaro

It wasn't i examination.

dana goldstein

No, it was 50 different tests. And so Alabama might have a lot easier of a exam than Massachusetts. So it becomes actually hard to compare how kids are doing beyond the states. And of a sudden, information technology seems like this isn't actually that helpful of a national tool if the states are basically immune to set their ain yardstick. Each of these governors has an incentive to make themselves look proficient. And the other big reason why information technology failed was just the tests were not that loftier quality, and the teachers were teaching to the test because schools could exist alleged failing if students were not moving forrad on these exams and non scoring well enough.

archived recording (barack obama)

Thank you. Thank you, everybody.

dana goldstein

And when Barack Obama is elected president —

archived recording (barack obama)

Leadership tomorrow depends on how we educate our students today, especially in math, science, technology and engineering. Merely despite the importance of education in these subjects, we have to admit, we are right now existence outpaced past our competitors.

dana goldstein

— Barack Obama agreed with George W. Bush-league about a lot when information technology came to didactics. He believed in a bigger role for Washington. He was deeply concerned about accomplishment gaps, like to George Westward. Bush-league. They represented sort of the two sides of the money within this bipartisan consensus.

archived recording (barack obama)

So make no fault, our future is on the line. The nation that out-educates us today is going to outcompete us tomorrow.

dana goldstein

He comes upward with his own policies that he hopes are going to address the flaws of No Child Left Behind while sort of better succeeding in the original goal. He is going to have ameliorate tests, basically, and he's going to concur schools and teachers accountable to more high-quality standards, and they're going to exist shared across the country instead of 50 states.

michael barbaro

And so what does that solution wait like?

dana goldstein

And so it'southward convenient for President Obama that a bunch of governors and education reformers and philanthropists like Beak Gates, they were already kind of together trying to solve this problem. And they had started talking nigh something that would come up to be chosen the Mutual Core State Standards, which would exist a national try to write curriculum standards in reading and math that all l states could hopefully share. And Obama takes a look at this, and he loves the thought. The Obama administration did requite money, through a program called Race to the Superlative —

archived recording (barack obama)

Nosotros've launched a $4 billion Race to the Top Fund.

dana goldstein

— to states that adopted the Common Core.

michael barbaro

And how did that work?

dana goldstein

The way it worked is states were competing for well-nigh $4 billion in federal funding. It was the recession. Us were bankrupt. They were desperate for greenbacks, and they would have done pretty much anything that was asked of them. And Obama gave them a lot of priorities that he wanted them to fulfill to get this money, and 1 of them was to adopt rigorous shared standards. He did not specifically say the Common Cadre, merely that's what it was, because the effort was already underway, and all across statehouses across the country, people knew about this.

michael barbaro

So, over again, every bit with No Child Left Behind, this is non the federal authorities mandating one vision of American education, but they're profoundly encouraging it.

dana goldstein

Yes, encouraging information technology. And correct off the bat, inside the first year, the vast majority, over 40 of the states, said, O.K., nosotros're in. We're going to exercise the Common Cadre.

archived recording 1

California Board of Education today unanimously approved new and rigorous guidelines.

archived recording two

New uniform educational standards are expected to raise the bar for students in Maryland starting next twelvemonth — the Common Cadre Standards plan.

archived recording three

This curriculum is really going to be historic, and it'south going to help meliorate prepare our students for this hyper-competitive global economic system.

archived recording 4

Certainly, the federal authorities has stepped upwards with a Common Core Standards and the idea that we develop a national exam to test children, really, in all of the skills, not just in the —

dana goldstein

And those tests do hit the market, and that does become how many teachers and parents and students first encounter this affair — the Mutual Cadre — is through the tests.

michael barbaro

So did Obama'south vision here of national standards and incentives for states to adopt them, did it succeed in its goals?

dana goldstein

It did non quite piece of work out as intended. It's actually this incredible, strange moment where people on the far right and the far left concur that they don't similar, in fact, they detest the Mutual Core. On the left, it's really about anti-testing fervor. Parents hated that their kids were going to school and being presented with these multiple-pick problems, and the curriculum was narrowing to these math and reading tests, so social studies, arts, even science. The number of minutes per day that kids were encountering all these wonderful things was decreasing because the teachers were and then stressed out virtually these math and reading exams. And what parents on the left were saying is this is non what I want from my child's public school.

archived recording 1

[CHANTING] End Common Core! Our kids deserve more! Finish Common Core!

archived recording two

Parents, in fact, are deciding to opt out —

dana goldstein

There'southward the nascency of this opt-out movement, which is a movement to encourage parents to opt their kids out of sitting for these exams.

archived recording

— in places like New York State, where equally many as 165,000 students opted out.

dana goldstein

And then this opt-out motion really reaches a pinnacle in New York State in 2022 when twenty percent of students opt-out, and in some schools, information technology's close to 100 percentage.

archived recording one

Thankfully, most of us began to listen to the cries for help coming from our children. Parents refuse to allow their children to be part of the Common Core testing motorcar. [CHEERING] Whoo! Whoo. Whoo-hoo.

dana goldstein

At the same time, Tea Party activists on the right are railing confronting the Mutual Cadre.

michael barbaro

Why?

dana goldstein

They see information technology as a sort of archetype large government, federal incursion into local control.

archived recording (michele bachmann)

We need to do an education what's e'er worked historically and that's local control.

dana goldstein

You take Tea Party darling Michele Bachmann —

archived recording (michele bachmann)

I would have the entire federal instruction law, repeal information technology. Then I would go over to the Section of Teaching. I'd plow out the lights, I'd lock the door, and all the money back to the state and localities.

dana goldstein

— railing against the Common Core. And suddenly, where information technology had been acceptable for Republicans to join with President Obama and back up this matter, all of a sudden, in states beyond this state, it's not O.G. anymore. And it'due south too not O.K. in many places to exist a Democrat who speaks in favor of this because of the opposition on the left. And so you see all these states, more than 20 states, start to roll back these laws, and states offset to pull out of the agreement to use shared tests and get-go saying, nosotros're going to become become our ain test and develop our own examination.

michael barbaro

And then there'due south a pretty broad-based refusal to prefer this idea of a national prepare of standards and curriculum. But that would seem to make a system that'southward built on the goal of centralization basically impossible.

dana goldstein

Yeah, it's really, actually hard to do annihilation centrally in our organization considering nosotros don't have a system that was created to be centralized. Local control was sort of the founding orthodoxy of American public instruction in the 19th century. Our Constitution does not include the word education. At that place is no sort of role for the federal government that allows them to reach into schools, reach into classrooms, modify practices. Information technology's all sort of, yous know, carrots and sticks, options. And it doesn't piece of work that well. It's very, very hard to make change on a national scale when that's the system that y'all've built.

michael barbaro

So whatever consensus had been achieved past this betoken through the Bush and Obama eras that this was a worthy goal, national standards, a national system, that starts to unravel.

dana goldstein

Information technology's starting to fall autonomously.

michael barbaro

We'll be right dorsum.

Dana, and so bring us upward to today. Where are nosotros in this process?

dana goldstein

So over the by few weeks, two large new pieces of prove have come out, and they pigment a pretty depressing picture for American pedagogy and American kids. The beginning was the gold-standard tool that researchers use to look at American education. Information technology'south chosen the National Cess of Educational Progress. It showed that only 1-third of American 4th and eighth graders can be considered skillful readers — just a third. And across the board at every level, students had declining reading scores over the by 2 years.

michael barbaro

Declining.

dana goldstein

Yep, going down. With all these efforts to brand things better, those scores were going down. So this was a very sad day for many in the globe of education, the world that I've been covering for over a decade. Then just a few days ago, I had some other sad story to report, which was on the exam that is considered the golden-standard international global examination — the Program for International Student Achievement — information technology showed that there were 20 percent of American 15-yr-olds who practise not read too as they should at age 10. So they really are missing very basic reading comprehension skills. And it found that American functioning is flat in both reading and math since 2000. And then this unabridged fourth dimension period —

michael barbaro

Wow, 20 years.

dana goldstein

— that we've been discussing, ever since George W. Bush was elected and No Kid Left Backside, through President Obama and Race to the Top and Common Core and endeavor after try to endeavour to get American kids to do better on these types of international exams, American functioning has not inverse. It'southward brackish.

michael barbaro

Despite not just all those programs but, I presume, the billions of dollars spent to put them in identify.

dana goldstein

Many, many billions of dollars — private dollars, public dollars, all of that.

michael barbaro

This all sounds quite bad and quite depressing. Only I wonder, ultimately, how much the scores you're describing here, especially comparing U.S. students to international students, really matters? Because the Usa very much remains a global superpower. Nosotros have one of the strongest economies on the planet. Nosotros have depression unemployment. So if you kind of swallow your national pride, is this really a crisis?

dana goldstein

I think it is. I hateful, how can yous feel pride when you lot think nearly that 15-year-old who tin't read also as a x-year-old should? With those types of literacy skills, they're not going to be suited for work that's going to pay a living wage in this economy that we're living in. And just beyond that, beyond what happens to that person on the task marketplace, pedagogy is about so much more than. That person needs to be a denizen. That'southward why we started public education in the United states, so that we could create people who would be good voters and make wise choices about who their leaders should exist. And there'due south this one statistic from the international examination that just came out that I just go on going dorsum to, because this number upset me, which was that simply 14 percent of American students could distinguish, reliably, between fact and stance.

michael barbaro

14 per centum is kind of boggling. How did they measure out that?

dana goldstein

So I accept a sample question from the exam hither in front of me that illustrates what information technology is that American kids can't do. And the practice goes similar this. It shows students ii pieces of writing. One is a news article nigh research on milk and whether it has health benefits or wellness detriments.

michael barbaro

So this is classic journalism.

dana goldstein

Pretty much. Yeah. And the second is produced by a group that students are told is called the International Dairy Foods Association, and it speaks to all the wonderful benefits of drinking milk.

michael barbaro

So this is something from a trade grouping.

dana goldstein

Exactly. Students are so presented with a series of statements based on what they've read, and they are asked to determine, is this a fact or an stance? And I'll give you an case. "Drinking milk and other dairy products is the best way to lose weight." Fact or opinion?

michael barbaro

Stance.

dana goldstein

Exactly. Information technology'southward stance put forrad by people that want the public to purchase more milk products.

michael barbaro

The trade group.

dana goldstein

Exactly. And these are the types of questions that the bulk of American students were not able to get correct.

michael barbaro

They're failing to distinguish betwixt fact and opinion, between that which is being told to them by people with specific interests and those that are objectively truthful, the effect of inquiry or investigation by reporters.

dana goldstein

Exactly. And think about the implications of this in a globe where at that place'due south then much misinformation on social media, political advertisements that are trying to sway your stance.

michael barbaro

Foreign countries interfering in elections.

dana goldstein

Exactly. And we can't even agree, for example, in this country whether information technology is Ukraine or Russia that influenced our ballot in 2016, even though we know it was information technology was Russian federation that meddled — in that location really is no question on the facts. And so when I hear that, yous know, only 14 pct of American students are getting this blazon of question right, I call back it raises large questions not simply almost our economical competitiveness, or are these kids well-suited to the workforce, but about our state, our future. Are they being prepared to be citizens? And how will that touch all of united states?

michael barbaro

Mm-hmm.

dana goldstein

So these questions about education functioning are very deep. They go to the cadre of who we are as Americans and what our future will concord.

And it makes me think that some of our core American values of American exceptionalism and individualism and local command, these orthodoxies which we're proud of and rightfully then in many means because they've contributed to what'southward different about the The states and driven local innovation, but they're also now contributing to this intractable, hard, important problem to solve, which is how practise we truly gear up our kids to succeed, non just as workers but also as human beings and as citizens of this land?

michael barbaro

Dana, give thanks you very much.

dana goldstein

Cheers then much, Michael.

michael barbaro

We'll be correct back.

Here's what else yous need to know today.

archived recording (michael gerhardt)

If what nosotros're talking nigh is not impeachable, then nothing is impeachable. This is precisely the misconduct that the framers created a Constitution including impeachment to protect against.

michael barbaro

During testimony on Wednesday, three law professors told the House Judiciary Committee that President Trump'southward attempts to pressure level Ukraine into investigating his political rivals crossed constitutional lines and amounted to impeachable behave. 1 of them, Stanford Law professor Pamela Karlan, was asked whether the president'southward conduct was grounds for impeachment fifty-fifty if the investigations he requested were never carried out.

archived recording (pamela karlan)

Imagine that yous were pulled over for speeding by a police officer. And the officer comes up to the windows and says, you were speeding. Simply, yous know, if y'all give me xx bucks, I'll drop the ticket. And yous look in your wallet and you say to the officer, I don't accept the 20 bucks. And the officer says, O.One thousand., well, just go alee, have a overnice mean solar day. The officer would still exist guilty of soliciting a ransom there, fifty-fifty though he ultimately permit you lot off without — without your paying.

michael barbaro

But a police force professor called by Republicans on the committee, Jonathan Turley of George Washington University, testified that Democrats had not sufficiently proven their case against the president.

archived recording (jonathan turley)

I'm concerned about lowering impeachment standards to fit a paucity of evidence and an abundance of anger. I believe this impeachment not but fails to satisfy the standard of past impeachments only would create a unsafe precedent for future impeachments.

michael barbaro

That's it for "The Daily." I'one thousand Michael Barbaro. See yous tomorrow.

Image

Credit... Michael A. McCoy for The New York Times

Rather than "exploiting" the result of the test "to spread lies and promote her privatization calendar, Secretary DeVos should join Firm Democrats and families across our nation by supporting increased investments in our public teaching organization," she said.

School-commune leaders and education advocates said the steep losses amidst the lowest-performing students reflected structural barriers beyond schoolhouses.

"This is a disturbing pattern, one that is consequent with our nation'south growing economical inequality and history of structural discrimination in instruction, housing, and admission to opportunity," said Mike Magee, the principal executive of Chiefs for Change, which represents country and district education leaders.

A growing body of enquiry indicates that reading education is uneven beyond the state and often ineffective.

Peter Afflerbach, an skillful on reading and testing at the University of Maryland, chosen the eighth-grade declines "troubling" and "sharp," especially for the everyman-achieving students.

Eighth graders at the bottom x per centum of reading achievement lost 6 points on the exam compared with similar students 2 years ago, while students at the eye lost three points. Students in the summit x pct lost just 1 point.

White, blackness, Hispanic, Native American and multiracial students all lost ground in eighth-course reading, while at that place was no pregnant alter for Asian students. Eighth grade is crucial because it prepares students for loftier school and beyond.

The most contempo inquiry on reading, Mr. Afflerbach said, has undermined a long-held view that children acquire to read until the fourth grade, and and so "read to learn" in higher grades. Because of that view, too many schools have assigned elementary students curt passages instead of challenging them with longer, thematically rich texts and books.

The new eighth-grade results show "the students haven't developed the reading comprehension to deal with text complexity," he said.

Washington, D.C., was the only city or land to accept meaning improvement in 8th-grade reading, according to a federal assay of the data. The Commune of Columbia Public Schools was the fastest-improving of 27 urban systems that participated in a dissever analysis of large districts. Information technology also demonstrated growth in fourth- and 8th-course math.

Lewis D. Ferebee, the chancellor of the District of Columbia Public Schools, attributed the gains to a broad range of policies, including universal preschool, higher pay and performance bonuses for teachers, and domicile visits to help educators empathise their students' family unit contexts.

He also talked almost "cornerstones" — the district's attempt to teach vocabulary and reading skills through shared experiences. Elementary students take lessons in how to safely ride a wheel, and go on a field trip to Nationals Park, the city'south professional baseball game stadium, where they run the bases.

"While that sounds super fun, embedded in that experience is a very rich literacy lesson," Mr. Ferebee said.

He acknowledged, however, that the organisation all the same had work to practise, specially in closing income-based accomplishment gaps.

Catherine Snowfall, a literacy proficient at the Harvard Graduate Schoolhouse of Teaching, said educators need to acquire how to integrate foundational reading skills, such equally noesis of letter sounds and combinations, into lessons that will excite young children.

"If the task you lot're engaged in is researching lizards' reproductive wheel or discussing who Harry Potter's best friend was and why, those are intrinsically motivating tasks," Ms. Snowfall said. "They bulldoze you dorsum to texts to find information."

This year, eighth-grade reading scores in 31 states dropped two to vii points — which the federal government accounted meaning — compared with their performances in 2017. Indiana, New Hampshire and Virginia had the largest declines. Fourth-grade reading scores dropped in 17 states, with New Jersey's six-point driblet the largest. Simply one country, Mississippi, improved, the data showed.

James F. Lane, the superintendent of public instruction in Virginia, said that while form-level proficiency was a goal, the school arrangement "must also recognize that Virginia's schools are enrolling increasing numbers of students whose learning is impacted past poverty and trauma." He said the school system needed to recruit and retain high-quality teachers and equip them to meet the needs of a "changing student population."

Average math scores fared considerably meliorate, particularly among 4th graders. Nine states had significant increases in fourth-class math, compared with 2017. Again, Mississippi led the pack. The eighth-course score in three states improved, while those in half-dozen states declined.

American students have made large gains in math and modest gains in reading since 1990. But those improvements began to level out effectually 2009. There is no consensus on why that happened.

The Council of the Keen City Schools, a coalition of large urban schoolhouse systems, said it saw a hopeful story in the new data. Over the past two decades, urban center students, who are more than probable to be poor or not fluent in English, have moved closer to national accomplishment averages in both math and reading.

Some researchers consider the National Assessment of Educational Progress test to be the gold-standard measure of learning nationwide, simply others argue it is unfair to approximate schools using an examination that may take little connection to the material teachers comprehend in the classroom. In many cases, the federal examination is more challenging than state-level standardized tests.

"Someone has got to concord states answerable," said Jim Cowen, the executive director of the Collaborative for Student Success, a group that defends the roles of standards and testing in public schools.

Erica Green reported from Washington, and Dana Goldstein from New York.

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Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/us/reading-scores-national-exam.html

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